军事法院


中国人民解放军军事法院印发《关于审理军人违反职责罪案件中几个具体问题的处理意见》的通知
军事法院


各军区、海军、空军、总直属队军事法院：
《惩治军人违反职责罪暂行条例》（以下简称《条例》）施行以来，全军各级军事法院在审理军职人员违反职责罪的案件中，遇到了不少具体问题，需要解决。经我们调查研究，根据近年来的审判实践和各单位的意见，整理了《关于审理军人违反职责罪案件中几个具体问题的处理意见
》。此件在征求了总政保卫部、解放军军事检察院的意见后，已报请最高人民法院同意，现印发各级军事法院参照执行。

附： 关于审理军人违反职责罪案件中的几个具体问题的处理意见
一、关于军职人员玩弄枪支、弹药走火或者爆炸，致人重伤、死亡或者造成其他严重后果的案件，是否一概以武器装备肇事罪论处的问题
军职人员在执勤、训练、作战时使用、操作武器装备，或者在管理、维修、保养武器装备的过程中，违反武器装备使用规定和操作规程，情节严重，因而发生重大责任事故，致人重伤、死亡或者造成其他严重后果的，依照《条例》第三条的规定，以武器装备肇事罪论处；凡违反枪支、
弹药管理使用规定，私自携带枪支、弹药外出，因玩弄而造成走火或者爆炸，致人重伤、死亡或者使公私财产遭受重大损失的，分别依照《刑法》第一百三十五条、第一百三十三条、第一百零六条的规定，以过失重伤罪、过失杀人罪或者过失爆炸罪论处。
二、关于军职人员擅自将自己保管、使用的枪支、弹药借给他人，因而造成严重后果的，应当如何定性和适用法律问题
军职人员确实不知他人借用枪支、弹药是为实施犯罪，私自将自己保管、使用的枪支、弹药借给他人，致使公共财产、国家和人民利益遭受重大损失的，以《刑法》第一百八十七条规定的玩忽职守罪论处；如果在值班、值勤等执行职务时，擅自将自己使用、保管的枪支、弹药借给他人
，因而造成严重后果的，以《条例》第五条规定的玩忽职守罪论处。
如果明知他人借用枪支、弹药是为了实施犯罪，仍将枪支、弹药借给他人的，以共同犯罪论处。
三、关于监守自盗军用物资的行为应如何定罪处罚问题
军职人员利用职务上的便利，盗窃自己经手、管理的军用物资的，符合贪污罪的基本特征，依照《刑法》第一百五十五条和全国人大常委会《关于惩治贪污罪贿赂罪的补充规定》，以贪污罪论处，从重处罚。
四、关于军职人员驾驶军用装备车辆肇事的，是定交通肇事罪还是定武器装备肇事罪的问题
军职人员驾驶军用装备车辆，违反武器装备使用规定和操作规程，情节严重，因而发生重大责任事故，致人重伤、死亡或者造成其他严重后果的，即使同时违反交通运输规章制度，也应当依照《条例》第三条的规定，以武器装备肇事罪论处；如果仅因违反交通运输规章制度而发生重大
事故，致人重伤、死亡或者使公私财产遭受重大损失的，则依照《刑法》第一百一十三条的规定，以交通肇事罪论处。
五、关于军人在临时看管期间逃跑的，能否以脱逃罪论处问题
脱逃罪是指被依法逮捕、关押的犯罪分子，从羁押，改造场所或者在押解途中逃走的行为。军队的临时看管仅是一项行政防范措施。因此，军人在此期间逃跑的，不构成脱逃罪。但在查明他确有犯罪行为后，他的逃跑行为可以作为情节在处刑时予以考虑。



1988年10月19日
国家工商局


国家工商行政管理局关于对外商投资企业违反登记管理法规的行为进行处罚的权限和程序的规定(附英文)

1989年2月1日，工商局

为了加强对中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业、外资企业（以下统称外商投资企业）的监督管理，保护合法经营，依法查处违反登记管理法规的行为，根据《中华人民共和国企业法人登记管理条例》及其《施行细则》，特对处罚的权限和程序作如下规定：
第一条 县（区）及县（区）以上各级工商行政管理局，均有权对管辖区域内的外商投资企业进行监督检查。
第二条 国家工商行政管理局和国家工商行政管理局授权直接核准登记外商投资企业的地方工商行政管理局（以下简称受权的工商行政管理局），均有权依照有关规定和处罚权限对违反登记管理法规的外商投资企业进行处罚。
上级工商行政管理局对下级工商行政管理局作出的不适当的处罚有权予以纠正。
第三条 国家工商行政管理局对下列违反登记管理法规的外商投资企业进行查处：
一、国家工商行政管理局直接登记注册的外商投资企业；
二、国家工商行政管理局认为有必要直接查处的外商投资企业。
第四条 受权的工商行政管理局对违反登记管理法规的行为发生在本管辖区域内的外商投资企业进行查处。
受权的省、自治区、直辖市工商行政管理局对外商投资企业依法作出没收非法所得超过人民币二十万元或罚款超过人民币二万元或吊销营业执照处罚的，应报国家工商行政管理局核批。
受权的市（地区）工商行政管理局对外商投资企业违反登记管理法规的行为进行处罚的权限，由其所在的受权的省、自治区、直辖市工商行政管理局区别具体情况，按照本规定的原则加以规定，并报国家工商行政管理局批准。
受权的市（地区）工商行政管理局依法作出的处罚决定超出其权限的，应报其所在的受权的省、自治区、直辖市工商行政管理局或国家工商行政管理局核批。
第五条 受权的工商行政管理局对外商投资企业作出的处罚决定，应报送国家工商行政管理局和有关的工商行政管理局备案。
第六条 受权的工商行政管理局处理发生在本管辖区域内非本局核准登记的外商投资企业的违法行为时，应及时将查处情况及处理结果通知核准登记该企业的工商行政管理局。
第七条 没有处罚权的县（区）及县（区）以上的工商行政管理局在本管辖区域内发现外商投资企业违反登记管理法规的行为时，应当认真进行调查，提出处理建议，请示有处罚权的上级工商行政管理局。有处罚权的上级工商行政管理局应当在接到请示之日起一个月内予以批复，超出处罚权限的应逐级上报。
第八条 外商投资企业不得拒绝工商行政管理机关依法进行的监督管理和查处活动，并应当在收到处罚通知之日起十五日内执行处罚决定。对处罚决定不服的，应在收到处罚通知之日起十五日内向有处罚权的上一级工商行政管理局申请复议。上级工商行政管理局应当在收到复议申请之日起三十日内作出复议决定。复议期间，按原处理决定应收缴的罚没款可先予扣缴。
第九条 外商投资企业对地方工商行政管理局作出的复议决定或国家工商行政管理局作出的处罚决定或复议决定不服的，可以在收到复议决定或处罚决定之日起三十日内向人民法院起诉。逾期不提出申诉又不缴纳罚没款的，工商行政管理局可以按照规定程序通知其开户银行予以划拨。
第十条 工商行政管理局依法对外商投资企业违反登记管理法规的行为进行查处时，应当指定专人负责并建立档案，当事人提供的证据材料应由当事人签字或盖章。负责查处的工商行政管理人员应严格遵守各项法规和外事纪律。对外商投资企业进行调查或检查时应由二人以上进行，并出示《中华人民共和国国家工商行政管理局专用工作证》。
第十一条 对港、澳、台企业或华侨、港、澳、台同胞投资举办的合资经营企业、合作经营企业、独资经营企业，外国（地区）企业从事承包工程、承包经营管理、合作开发国内资源等经营活动，外国（地区）企业常驻代表机构，外国（地区）银行分行以及外商投资企业设立的从事经
营活动的分支机构和开展业务活动的办事机构的监督管理、处罚权限和程序，依照本规定执行。
第十二条 本规定自发布之日起执行。

REGULATIONS CONCERNING JURISDICTION AND PROCEDURES TO DEAL OUTPUNISHMENT FOR VIOLATIONS OF REGISTRATION ADMINISTRATIVE DECREES BYFOREIGN INVESTMENT ENTERPRISES

(Promulgated by the State Administration for Industry and Commerceon February 1, 1989)

Whole Doc.
With a view to strengthening supervision and control over the
Chinese-foreign joint ventures and Chinese-foreign contractual joint
ventures and wholly foreign-owned enterprises (hereinafter referred to as
foreign investment enterprises), protecting legal management and dealing
out punishment for violations of registration administrative decrees
according to the law, the jurisdiction and procedures for such punishment,
in accordance with "Rules of the People's Republic of China on
Administration of Registration on Enterprise Legal Persons" and the
"Detailed Regulation" for its implementation, are defined as follows:
Article 1
The administrations for industry and commerce at the county
(district) level or above all have the right to supervise and examine the
foreign investment enterprises in the areas that come under their
jurisdiction.
Article 2
The State Administration for Industry and Commerce and the local
administrations that are empowered by the former to directly check and
approve the registration of foreign investment enterprises (hereinafter
referred to as empowered local administrations) all have the right, in
accordance with relevant regulations and limits of authority, to deal out
punishment for violations of registration administrative decrees by the
foreign investment enterprises.
Administration for industry and commerce at higher level have the
right to rectify the improper decisions of punishment by administrations
for industry and commerce at lower level.
Article 3
The State Administration for Industry and Commerce examines and deals
accordingly with the following foreign investment enterprises that violate
the registration administrative decrees:
(1) The foreign investment enterprises that are directly registered
at the State Administration for Industry and Commerce;
(2) The foreign investment enterprises that the State Administration
for Industry and Commerce deems it necessary to exercise direct
examination and punishment.
Article 4
The empowered local administrations examine and deal accordingly with
the foreign investment enterprises that violate the registration
administrative decrees in the areas under their jurisdiction.
Provided that the empowered provincial, autonomous regional and
municipal administrations expropriate over RMB 200000 yuan of the illegal
gains by the foreign investment enterprises, or mete out a fine of over
RMB 20000 yuan, or withdraw the business license, they have to report to
the State Administration for Industry and Commerce for examination and
approval.
The limits of authority of the empowered city (prefectural)
administrations for industry and commerce over punishment of foreign
investment enterprises that violate the registration administrative
decrees are defined by their respective empowered provincial, autonomous
regional and municipal administration in the light of specific conditions
and in accordance with these Regulations and should be reported to the
State Administration for Industry and Commerce for approval.
Provided that the empowered city (prefectural) administration make
decisions of punishment beyond the limits of their authority, they have to
report to their respective provincial, autonomous regional and municipal
administrations or the State Administration for Industry and Commerce for
examination and approval.
Article 5
The empowered local administrations have to report their decisions of
punishment of foreign investment enterprises to the State Administration
for Industry and Commerce or relevant administrations for records.
Article 6
If empowered local administrations deal with violations of foreign
investment enterprises that are not approved and registered in the
locality under their jurisdiction, they have to inform in time the
concerned administrations of their decisions.
Article 7
If county (district) administrations or above that are not empowered
with the authority over such punishment detect violations of registration
administrative decrees by foreign investment enterprises, they should
carry out conscientious investigation, propose a decision of prosecution
and defer to administrations at higher level empowered with such
authority. The latter must reply within 1 month as of the date of receipt
of the report. If the decision of punishment go beyond their competence,
they should report to the next superior administration.
Article 8
The foreign investment enterprises must not reject the supervision,
examination and prosecution by administrations for industry and commerce
according to the law and should implement the decisions of punishment
within 15 days as of the date of receipt of the notice. If they do not
accept the decisions, they should appeal for re- examination to
administrations at higher level empowered with such authority within 15
days as of the date of the receipt of the notice. The latter should make
its decision of re-examination within 30 days as of the date of receipt of
the appeal. Pending the decision of re-examination, the fines and
confiscations should be executed as has been originally decided upon.
Article 9
If the foreign investment enterprises refuse to accept the decisions
of re-examination by local administrations or decisions of punishment or
decisions of re-examination by the State Administration for Industry and
Commerce, they may bring the suit to the People's Court within 30 days as
of the date of receipt of the decision of re-examination or decision of
punishment. If they do not appeal nor hand in the fine and the confiscated
amount of money, the administrations for industry and commerce can, in
accordance with stipulated procedures, inform the banks where they open an
account and ask them to transfer the amount.
Article 10
When the administrations for industry and commerce are examining and
dealing with the foreign investment enterprises that violate the
registration administrative decrees they should appoint special persons to
be in charge and establish relevant records. The evidence provided by the
litigants should be signed and sealed by the litigants. The persons from
the administrations for industry and commerce who are in charge should
strictly observe relevant decrees and the disciplines guiding the handling
of foreign affairs. Investigation or examination of foreign investment
enterprises should be conducted by 2 persons or more who have to show
their "Special ID Cards of the PRC Administration for Industry and
Commerce".
Article 11
The supervision, administration, jurisdiction over punishment and its
procedures concerning joint or contractual ventures and the wholly
foreign-owned enterprises established by the Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan
enterprises, or by overseas Chinese, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan
compatriots, the projects and businesses contracted by foreign (regional)
enterprises and their cooperative development of domestic natural
resources, their permanent office, branches of foreign (regional) banks
and business branches established by foreign investment enterprises are
executed in accordance with these Regulations.
Article 12
These Regulations shall go into effect on the day of their
promulgation.